The implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis in Spain without women

El objetivo del presente artículo es la exposición sucinta de la exclusión de las mujeres en la resolución del 27 de Julio de 2017 en el que se explicita el convenio de colaboración entre la Dirección General de Salud Pública, Calidad e Innovación y la empresa Gilead Servicios S.L.U. Este convenio es la formalización de la entrada e implementación de la profilaxis preexposición ante el VIH en el territorio nacional. La profilaxis preexposición ante el VIH es una novedosa intervención biomédica de carácter preventivo aplicada en personas que no viven con el VIH, que contiene como parte fundamental la ingesta diaria de un medicamento llamado Truvada, formado por dos componentes farmacológicos, emtricitabine y tenofovir, y capaz de inhibir la reproducción exponencial del virus en el caso de que se produzca la exposición de los tejidos del mismo al VIH sin variar de forma radical los hábitos sexuales.The objective of this article is the succinct exposition of the exclusion of women in the resolution of July 27, 2017 in which the collaboration agreement between the Public Health General Office, Quality and Innovation and the company Gilead Servicios S.L.U. This agreement is the formalization of the entry and implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV in the national territory. Pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV is a novel biomedical intervention of a preventive nature applied in people who do not live with HIV that contains as a fundamental part the daily intake of a drug called Truvada, composed of two pharmacological components, emtricitabine and tenofovir, which is able to inhibit the exponential reproduction of the virus in the event of the exposure of the tissues of the virus to HIV without radically changing sexual habits

Psicología de la salud con niños y adolescentes: Importante continuar avanzando

La infancia y la adolescencia representan periodos del desarrollo vital de suma trascendencia los cuales, lamentablemente, no están exentos de la posibilidad de desarrollar enfermedades físicas y problemas o trastornos a nivel psicológico durante su transcurso. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2022) pone de relieve datos tener en cuenta, indicando que la mitad de los problemas de salud mental se inician antes de los 14 años de edad, mientras que la mayoría de los casos no se detectan ni reciben un tratamiento adecuado. Asimismo, destaca algunos problemas de salud que considera principales (p. ej., enfermedades infecciosas, traumatismos, obesidad, falta de actividad física, consumo de sustancias), incluyendo problemas de salud mental. En relación a esto último apunta que, a nivel mundial, un 16% de la carga de morbilidad y lesiones entre los 10 y 19 años estarían explicados por los trastornos de salud mental, considerándose la depresión entre las principales causas de enfermedad y discapacidad en adolescentes. Por ello, se enfatiza la conveniencia de ocuparse, desde edades tempranas, de los problemas de salud mental. No hacerlo puede tener consecuencias tanto en el período actual como en la edad adulta, con repercusiones negativas tanto en su salud física y mental, así como en su calidad de vida

The Bay of Bolonia in the time of Sancho IV. The medieval archaeological record within the framework of the MBC project

El Proyecto General de Investigación “Muerte y Ritual Funerario en Baelo Claudia” desarrollado por la Universidad de Alicante en la necrópolis oriental de Baelo Claudia, ha detectado una más que interesante ocupación medieval, encuadrable entre los siglos XIII- XIV y caracterizada por la presencia de materiales cerámicos de tradición meriní junto con el hallazgo de una moneda de Sancho IV. Esta ocupación, asociada a un posible expolio de diversos monumentos funerarios, podría tener relación con uno de los episodios históricos más relevantes de la región como fue la conquista de la plaza de Tarifa en 1292 y la posibilidad de la existencia de un campamento militar castellano en la ensenada de Bolonia aprovechando que aún se alzaban importantes restos arquitectónicos de la antigua ciudad hispanorromana.The General Research Project “Death and Funeral Ritual in Baelo Claudia” developed by the University of Alicante in the eastern necropolis of Baelo Claudia, has detected a very interesting medieval occupation level, dating from the XIIIth and XIVth centuries and characterized by the presence of meriní pottery and the discovery of a coin of Sancho IV. This occupation, associated with a possible spoliation of several funerary monuments, could be related to one of the most important historical events of the region as the conquest of Tarifa in 1292 and the possibility of the existence of a military castilian camp in the ensenada de Bolonia, that took advantage of the important architectural remains of the ancient hispano-roman city that still stood

Experimental recreation of the evolution of lignin-degrading enzymes from the Jurassic to date

[Background] Floudas et al. (Science 336: 1715) established that lignin-degrading fungi appeared at the end of Carboniferous period associated with the production of the first ligninolytic peroxidases. Here, the subsequent evolution of these enzymes in Polyporales, where most wood-rotting fungi are included, is experimentally recreated using genomic information.[Results] With this purpose, we analyzed the evolutionary pathway leading to the most efficient lignin-degrading peroxidases characterizing Polyporales species. After sequence reconstruction from 113 genes of ten sequenced genomes, the main enzyme intermediates were resurrected and characterized. Biochemical changes were analyzed together with predicted sequences and structures, to understand how these enzymes acquired the ability to degrade lignin and how this ability changed with time. The most probable first peroxidase in Polyporales would be a manganese peroxidase (Mn3+ oxidizing phenolic lignin) that did not change substantially until the appearance of an exposed tryptophan (oxidizing nonphenolic lignin) originating an ancestral versatile peroxidase. Later, a quick evolution, with loss of the Mn2+-binding site, generated the first lignin peroxidase that evolved to the extant form by improving the catalytic efficiency. Increased stability at acidic pH, which strongly increases the oxidizing power of these enzymes, was observed paralleling the appearance of the exposed catalytic tryptophan.[Conclusions] We show how the change in peroxidase catalytic activities meant an evolutionary exploration for more efficient ways of lignin degradation by fungi, a key step for carbon recycling in land ecosystems. The study provides ancestral enzymes with a potential biotechnological interest for the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals in a biomass-based economy.We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI), and the EC OpenAIRE FP7 post-grant Open Access Pilot.This work was supported by the INDOX (KBBE-2013-613549) and EnzOx2 (H2020-BBI-PPP-2015-2-720297) EU projects and the NOESIS (BIO2014-56388-R) project of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). The work conducted by JGI was supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231.EUR 1,620 APC fee funded by the EC FP7 Post-Grant Open Access Pilo

Spanish version of Super Skills for Life: short- and long-term impact of a transdiagnostic prevention protocol targeting childhood anxiety and depression

Background and Objectives: Super Skills for Life (SSL) is a transdiagnostic protocol based on cognitive–behavioral therapy designed for children with internalizing problems. The present study examined for the first time the impact of the Spanish-adapted version of SSL in reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms in Spanish-speaking children. Design: A quasi-experimental design with one group, pre- and posttest, and 1-year follow-up was conducted. Analyses were performed on an intent-to-treat basis. Methods: Participants were 119 children (42.9% female; 8–12 years) recruited from nine schools. Children completed assessments of anxiety, depression, emotional and behavioral difficulties, and the extent to which anxiety interfered with life before and after receiving the 8-session SSL, and 12-months post-intervention. Results: Anxiety and depressive symptoms were significantly reduced at post-test and 12-month follow-up assessments. SSL also had positive impact on other symptoms assessed (e.g., interference of anxiety with children’s life, peer problems, conduct problems). Overall, the long-term benefits of SSL appeared to be greater than the short-term benefits. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that SSL may be useful in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression, and a broad range of other issues, in Spanish children

Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic computerized self-applied program targeting children with emotional problems: A randomized controlled trial

Background: Super Skills for Life (SSL) is an eight-session transdiagnostic program based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), aimed at the indicated prevention of childhood emotional problems, which has been implemented with positive short- and long-term results. The present study aimed to examine the effects of a self-applied computerized program based on SSL that maintains the same objectives and contents as the face-to-face program. Methods: In this randomized controlled study, 75 children (49.3 % female) aged 8–12 years (Mage = 9.45, SD = 1.31), selected for exhibiting emotional symptoms, were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 35) or the waiting list control (WLC) group (n = 40). Pre- and post-intervention data were collected through self-reports and the report of parents who completed parallel versions of the same measures of emotional and behavioral problems. Results: Overall, compared to the WLC group, the intervention group showed positive effects on targeted emotional symptomatology in the short term. Based on parents' reports, a significant reduction was found in outcomes such as anxiety, depression, emotional symptoms, and internalizing problems, while self-reported results were similar except for anxiety. In addition, a positive impact was found on symptoms related to other types of difficulties (e.g., externalizing problems and general difficulties measured). Limitations: Small sample size, non-inclusion of follow-up assessment and other informants (e.g., teachers). Conclusions: In conclusion, this research provides novel and promising data on the self-applied computerized adapted version of the SSL program, within a multi-informant approach, suggesting that it may be a useful tool for the indicated prevention of childhood emotional problems

Simulation of a biorefinery process as learning tool in chemical engineering degree

Currently, the search for alternative biomass to be used as renewable sources for energy production is one of the most important challenges to achieve a sustainable growth based on a bioeconomy strategy (Mendes et al., 2009). In this context, lignocellulosic waste are a renewable, clean, inexpensive and with high availability for the manufacture of biofuels. In this sense, the main objective of this study was the simulation and design of engineering processes that allows the valorization of lignocellulosic waste and the obtaining of biofuels as alternative to fossil fuels. This goal implies the practical application of the theoretical knowledge acquired by the student during the chemical engineering degree. Specifically, the students designed and simulated a biorefinery process that consisted of a Kraft pulping process as starting point of two main lines of production: (1) Process I: production of bioethanol and (2) Process II: direct and indirect production of dimethylether (DME), both from lignocellulosic biomass (Fig.1). Two commercial simulation packages, ASPEN HYSYS® and UNISIM were used to simulate the production of dimethylether and bioethanol, respectively. The first step was determining a strategic situation for the installation of the biorefinery. The central area of Andalusia (between the municipalities of Lucena and Antequera) was considered the most adequate area to develop the installation of the biorefinery plant after evaluating the biomass available inside of 100 kms of distance around this place. Specifically, different biomass mixtures were considered in order to ensure the viability of a constant inlet flow of biomass in the biorefinery. In function of this inlet flow of biomass, the installations were designed and dimensioned in each stage of the process. The student carried out a wide revision of state of the art to decide the most adequate processes among different alternatives to obtain dimethylether and bioethanol. The different stages selected as the most adequate in each line of the process can be observed in Fig.1. Moreover, the students evaluated the different alternatives for the valorisation and optimization of the by-products generated in each stage of the process in order to minimize the consuming of chemical compounds and energy requirements. Therefore, the students learnt to develop a real engineering process more sustainable and friendly with the environment. To sum up, the used of programs to simulate the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass in biofuels, such as, bioethanol or dimethylether, which is a process with several social, environmental and economic advantages, was an interesting learning tool for students of chemical engineering degree. Keywords Bioethanol, design, dimethylether, Kraft pulping process, simulations. References Mendes, C.V.T., Carvalho, M.G.V.S., Baptista, C.M.S.G., Rocha, J.M.S., Soares, B.I.G., Sousa, G.D.A., 2009. Valorisation of hardwood hemicelluloses in the kraft pulping process by using an integrated biorefinery concept. Food Bioproduct Process 87:197–207.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech MINECO: Proyecto CTQ2015-68654-